EPC rating and sold prices in South West
In South West, homes rated EPC C or better sold for 3% more per square metre than D–G homes (median £3,162 vs £3,068, 1,008,069 sales since 2015), but like for like the difference is 0.0% (95% range −0.3% to +0.3%): the EPC band itself is not reflected in sale prices here (random sample of 300,000 sales). Data: HM Land Registry to 30 September 2026, EPC register.
From the raw gap to like-for-like
| Comparing C+ with D–G homes… | Difference | 95% range |
|---|---|---|
| Raw gap per m² (medians) | +3% | — |
| Whole price, nothing held equal | −3.0% | −3.3% to −2.6% |
| Same floor area | +2.2% | +2.0% to +2.4% |
| + same property type | +3.5% | +3.3% to +3.8% |
| + same build period | +3.3% | +3.0% to +3.6% |
| + same year of sale | 0.0% | −0.3% to +0.3% |
The first row compares median prices per m²; the second compares whole prices; each later row adds one more thing that must be equal, ending with the like-for-like premium (regression of log price; build period from the certificate, 12 bands). The raw gap per m² and the whole-price gap differ because C+ and D–G homes differ in size.
Postcode districts in South West
| District | Area | Sales | Raw gap | Like-for-like | Sectors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BA1 | Bath and North East Somerset | 6,407 | +3% | −2.5% ▼ | 9 |
| BA10 | Somerset | 532 | −5% | −7.6% ▼ | 1 |
| BA11 | Somerset | 6,452 | +2% | −0.1% | 6 |
| BA12 | Wiltshire | 5,003 | +4% | −3.6% ▼ | 5 |
| BA13 | Wiltshire | 4,582 | +2% | −1.1% | 3 |
| BA14 | Wiltshire | 9,512 | −2% | −1.4% ▼ | 5 |
| BA15 | Wiltshire | 2,500 | +1% | −1.9% ▼ | 2 |
| BA16 | Somerset | 2,309 | −1% | +1.8% ▲ | 2 |
| BA2 | Bath and North East Somerset | 11,032 | +8% | 0.0% | 10 |
| BA20 | Somerset | 2,198 | +5% | −1.9% | 2 |
| BA21 | Somerset | 6,349 | +4% | −0.8% | 3 |
| BA22 | Somerset | 3,378 | +9% | −2.6% ▼ | 3 |
| BA3 | Bath and North East Somerset | 6,001 | +5% | +2.2% ▲ | 4 |
| BA4 | Somerset | 2,870 | +1% | +0.4% | 3 |
| BA5 | Somerset | 3,986 | +1% | −0.4% | 3 |
| BA6 | Somerset | 2,533 | −2% | +3.6% ▲ | 2 |
| BA7 | Somerset | 750 | +3% | +2.6% | 1 |
| BA8 | Somerset | 677 | +12% | +1.7% | 1 |
| BA9 | Somerset | 1,647 | −3% | −4.2% ▼ | 2 |
| BH1 | Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | 3,534 | +12% | +4.9% ▲ | 4 |
| BH10 | Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | 3,269 | +4% | +3.2% ▲ | 4 |
| BH11 | Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | 3,191 | +5% | +1.8% ▲ | 2 |
| BH12 | Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | 6,009 | 0% | +0.6% | 5 |
| BH13 | Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | 2,393 | +11% | −3.0% | 2 |
| BH14 | Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | 5,382 | +2% | −1.7% | 3 |
| BH15 | Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | 6,577 | +1% | −1.3% | 4 |
| BH16 | Dorset | 2,504 | +1% | −0.8% | 2 |
| BH17 | Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | 3,924 | +1% | +0.7% | 3 |
| BH18 | Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | 2,130 | −6% | +1.1% | 2 |
| BH19 | Dorset | 2,260 | +5% | −3.4% ▼ | 3 |
| BH2 | Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | 2,110 | +2% | −2.4% | 2 |
| BH20 | Dorset | 2,827 | 0% | −2.1% ▼ | 4 |
| BH21 | Dorset | 7,336 | +4% | −2.6% ▼ | 7 |
| BH22 | Dorset | 5,858 | −10% | −1.1% | 3 |
| BH23 | Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | 10,966 | −2% | −1.6% ▼ | 7 |
| BH3 | Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | 811 | +7% | +3.6% | 1 |
| BH31 | Dorset | 2,916 | +2% | +2.2% ▲ | 2 |
| BH4 | Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | 2,217 | +3% | +1.6% | 2 |
| BH5 | Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | 2,050 | +5% | +4.3% ▲ | 2 |
| BH6 | Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | 4,297 | +2% | +3.0% ▲ | 3 |
| BH7 | Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | 1,813 | +2% | +2.5% ▲ | 2 |
| BH8 | Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | 4,123 | +1% | +0.7% | 3 |
| BH9 | Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole | 4,695 | +8% | +2.4% ▲ | 3 |
| BS1 | Bristol | 2,661 | +7% | +1.5% | 5 |
| BS10 | Bristol | 4,112 | +13% | +0.5% | 3 |
| BS11 | Bristol | 2,524 | +13% | +1.6% | 2 |
| BS13 | Bristol | 4,115 | +7% | +2.3% ▲ | 4 |
| BS14 | Bristol | 4,814 | +7% | +2.3% ▲ | 3 |
| BS15 | South Gloucestershire | 8,411 | +8% | +1.8% ▲ | 5 |
| BS16 | South Gloucestershire | 16,339 | +8% | −0.4% | 8 |
| BS2 | Bristol | 2,248 | +6% | +4.2% ▲ | 3 |
| BS20 | North Somerset | 6,571 | +2% | −0.9% | 4 |
| BS21 | North Somerset | 4,335 | +8% | +0.3% | 3 |
| BS22 | North Somerset | 7,383 | +4% | +0.7% | 4 |
| BS23 | North Somerset | 5,847 | +11% | 0.0% | 4 |
| BS24 | North Somerset | 6,296 | +1% | −1.1% | 5 |
| BS25 | North Somerset | 1,375 | +11% | −2.4% | 2 |
| BS26 | Somerset | 664 | +8% | +2.9% | 1 |
| BS27 | Somerset | 1,435 | +6% | +0.4% | 1 |
| BS28 | Somerset | 540 | +12% | +7.8% ▲ | 1 |
| BS29 | North Somerset | 953 | +10% | +1.0% | 1 |
| BS3 | Bristol | 8,539 | +6% | +2.0% ▲ | 5 |
| BS30 | South Gloucestershire | 4,848 | +7% | +0.2% | 5 |
| BS31 | Bath and North East Somerset | 5,133 | +6% | −1.1% | 3 |
| BS32 | South Gloucestershire | 3,904 | +3% | +0.6% | 4 |
| BS34 | South Gloucestershire | 6,780 | +9% | +2.5% ▲ | 4 |
| BS35 | South Gloucestershire | 4,651 | +9% | +0.7% | 5 |
| BS36 | South Gloucestershire | 2,489 | +4% | +1.5% | 2 |
| BS37 | South Gloucestershire | 7,939 | +8% | −0.2% | 5 |
| BS39 | Bath and North East Somerset | 2,684 | −3% | −1.4% | 4 |
| BS4 | Bristol | 8,156 | +9% | −0.6% | 5 |
| BS40 | North Somerset | 1,991 | +2% | −0.6% | 5 |
| BS41 | North Somerset | 1,010 | −7% | −3.2% ▼ | 2 |
| BS48 | North Somerset | 4,171 | +8% | −0.4% | 4 |
| BS49 | North Somerset | 2,386 | +13% | +1.8% | 2 |
| BS5 | Bristol | 8,911 | +7% | +1.8% ▲ | 5 |
| BS6 | Bristol | 4,318 | +4% | −2.2% ▼ | 3 |
| BS7 | Bristol | 6,275 | −4% | −1.3% | 3 |
| BS8 | Bristol | 3,123 | +3% | +0.7% | 4 |
| BS9 | Bristol | 5,055 | −3% | −3.3% ▼ | 4 |
| DT1 | Dorset | 4,953 | +12% | +2.7% ▲ | 3 |
| DT10 | Dorset | 2,063 | −3% | −0.2% | 2 |
| DT11 | Dorset | 4,628 | +7% | −1.8% ▼ | 4 |
| DT2 | Dorset | 3,874 | +3% | +1.0% | 4 |
| DT3 | Dorset | 4,949 | +2% | −1.8% ▼ | 3 |
| DT4 | Dorset | 7,168 | +12% | +1.2% | 4 |
| DT5 | Dorset | 2,548 | +17% | −0.6% | 2 |
| DT6 | Dorset | 4,158 | +3% | −0.5% | 4 |
| DT7 | Dorset | 1,196 | +1% | +1.5% | 1 |
| DT8 | Dorset | 1,169 | +5% | +3.3% ▲ | 1 |
| DT9 | Dorset | 3,832 | +7% | +0.2% | 4 |
| EX1 | Exeter | 6,132 | +10% | +1.4% | 3 |
| EX10 | East Devon | 3,788 | +1% | −0.7% | 3 |
| EX11 | East Devon | 1,883 | +2% | +2.1% | 1 |
| EX12 | East Devon | 2,559 | −2% | −1.0% | 2 |
| EX13 | East Devon | 2,509 | −6% | −3.0% ▼ | 3 |
| EX14 | East Devon | 4,246 | +5% | +0.4% | 5 |
| EX15 | Mid Devon | 4,348 | +5% | −2.6% ▼ | 3 |
| EX16 | Mid Devon | 5,609 | +3% | +2.4% ▲ | 6 |
| EX17 | Mid Devon | 3,152 | +2% | +1.1% | 6 |
| EX18 | North Devon | 553 | +3% | +0.6% | 1 |
| EX19 | Torridge | 647 | +7% | −2.3% | 1 |
| EX2 | Exeter | 8,721 | +4% | −0.3% | 6 |
| EX20 | West Devon | 4,038 | +11% | −0.5% | 4 |
| EX21 | Torridge | 651 | +3% | +4.8% | 1 |
| EX22 | Torridge | 1,829 | 0% | +0.6% | 2 |
| EX23 | Cornwall | 3,177 | +6% | +1.3% | 3 |
| EX24 | East Devon | 642 | +3% | +0.3% | 1 |
| EX3 | Exeter | 1,357 | +10% | +1.5% | 1 |
| EX31 | North Devon | 5,860 | +3% | +0.3% | 4 |
| EX32 | North Devon | 3,885 | +15% | +0.6% | 4 |
| EX33 | North Devon | 1,939 | −8% | −6.5% ▼ | 2 |
| EX34 | North Devon | 3,091 | +22% | +5.2% ▲ | 4 |
| EX35 | North Devon | 341 | +24% | +7.0% | 1 |
| EX36 | North Devon | 1,982 | +7% | +0.8% | 2 |
| EX37 | North Devon | 480 | −2% | +1.4% | 1 |
| EX38 | Torridge | 1,467 | +5% | 0.0% | 2 |
| EX39 | Torridge | 8,639 | +8% | +2.0% ▲ | 6 |
| EX4 | Exeter | 7,772 | +5% | +2.1% ▲ | 9 |
| EX5 | East Devon | 5,519 | +2% | −3.3% ▼ | 5 |
| EX6 | Teignbridge | 2,080 | +1% | +0.6% | 3 |
| EX7 | Teignbridge | 3,337 | +12% | +2.3% ▲ | 2 |
| EX8 | East Devon | 7,649 | +7% | +0.2% | 5 |
| EX9 | East Devon | 1,480 | +10% | +7.8% ▲ | 2 |
| GL1 | Gloucester | 6,203 | +17% | +4.2% ▲ | 5 |
| GL10 | Stroud | 3,267 | +10% | +0.1% | 2 |
| GL11 | Stroud | 3,632 | +8% | +1.8% | 3 |
| GL12 | South Gloucestershire | 2,392 | +7% | +0.3% | 2 |
| GL13 | Stroud | 1,019 | +13% | +4.6% ▲ | 1 |
| GL14 | Forest of Dean | 2,424 | +9% | −0.7% | 3 |
| GL15 | Forest of Dean | 4,058 | +8% | +0.3% | 3 |
| GL16 | Forest of Dean | 2,433 | +4% | −2.3% ▼ | 2 |
| GL17 | Forest of Dean | 1,669 | −5% | −0.8% | 2 |
| GL18 | Forest of Dean | 1,564 | −1% | −1.2% | 2 |
| GL19 | Forest of Dean | 1,138 | +10% | −0.4% | 2 |
| GL2 | Gloucester | 12,528 | −3% | −0.3% | 8 |
| GL20 | Tewkesbury | 5,080 | +3% | −2.0% ▼ | 4 |
| GL3 | Tewkesbury | 7,979 | +2% | +0.9% | 4 |
| GL4 | Gloucester | 7,763 | +2% | −1.6% ▼ | 6 |
| GL5 | Stroud | 5,431 | −2% | +0.3% | 5 |
| GL50 | Cheltenham | 4,775 | +5% | +0.8% | 4 |
| GL51 | Cheltenham | 8,838 | +1% | +0.6% | 7 |
| GL52 | Cheltenham | 10,655 | −4% | −0.8% | 7 |
| GL53 | Cheltenham | 4,254 | +1% | −2.1% ▼ | 4 |
| GL54 | Cotswold | 4,400 | −7% | −4.1% ▼ | 5 |
| GL55 | Cotswold | 1,220 | −4% | −1.7% | 1 |
| GL56 | Cotswold | 2,153 | −7% | −3.4% ▼ | 2 |
| GL6 | Stroud | 3,942 | −6% | −0.2% | 5 |
| GL7 | Cotswold | 7,417 | −1% | −2.8% ▼ | 7 |
| GL8 | Cotswold | 1,986 | −6% | −5.3% ▼ | 1 |
| GL9 | South Gloucestershire | 221 | +30% | +3.7% | 1 |
| PL1 | Plymouth | 3,883 | +25% | −2.3% | 4 |
| PL10 | Cornwall | 605 | +14% | +3.2% | 1 |
| PL11 | Cornwall | 1,825 | +3% | −3.2% ▼ | 2 |
| PL12 | Cornwall | 3,786 | +7% | −1.5% | 3 |
| PL13 | Cornwall | 2,096 | −1% | +7.9% ▲ | 2 |
| PL14 | Cornwall | 4,593 | +4% | −2.5% ▼ | 4 |
| PL15 | Cornwall | 3,490 | −5% | −4.4% ▼ | 3 |
| PL16 | West Devon | 331 | +6% | −9.5% | 1 |
| PL17 | Cornwall | 1,849 | +5% | +6.1% ▲ | 2 |
| PL18 | Cornwall | 1,034 | +4% | −1.8% | 1 |
| PL19 | West Devon | 3,209 | +9% | +0.3% | 3 |
| PL2 | Plymouth | 5,727 | +28% | +3.1% ▲ | 3 |
| PL20 | West Devon | 1,830 | +4% | +0.7% | 2 |
| PL21 | South Hams | 3,800 | +10% | −0.1% | 2 |
| PL22 | Cornwall | 685 | −2% | 0.0% | 1 |
| PL23 | Cornwall | 889 | −17% | −6.9% | 1 |
| PL24 | Cornwall | 1,605 | +2% | +1.1% | 1 |
| PL25 | Cornwall | 5,124 | +9% | +1.4% | 3 |
| PL26 | Cornwall | 4,355 | +11% | +0.9% | 3 |
| PL27 | Cornwall | 2,628 | −3% | −12.5% ▼ | 2 |
| PL28 | Cornwall | 998 | +4% | +6.4% | 1 |
| PL3 | Plymouth | 5,521 | +9% | +0.8% | 3 |
| PL30 | Cornwall | 1,358 | −8% | +6.6% | 3 |
| PL31 | Cornwall | 2,891 | +12% | +0.9% | 2 |
| PL32 | Cornwall | 687 | +4% | +2.6% | 1 |
| PL33 | Cornwall | 349 | +20% | +4.2% | 1 |
| PL34 | Cornwall | 322 | +8% | −0.5% | 1 |
| PL4 | Plymouth | 4,703 | +27% | +2.5% ▲ | 5 |
| PL5 | Plymouth | 6,064 | +10% | +0.1% | 4 |
| PL6 | Plymouth | 6,928 | +6% | +1.9% ▲ | 4 |
| PL7 | Plymouth | 5,695 | +6% | +1.1% ▲ | 4 |
| PL8 | South Hams | 959 | −6% | −8.1% ▼ | 2 |
| PL9 | Plymouth | 7,022 | −2% | −0.7% | 4 |
| SN1 | Swindon | 6,662 | +14% | +0.9% | 5 |
| SN10 | Wiltshire | 5,630 | −1% | −1.0% | 5 |
| SN11 | Wiltshire | 5,056 | +1% | −1.1% | 3 |
| SN12 | Wiltshire | 5,499 | +2% | −0.2% | 3 |
| SN13 | Wiltshire | 3,312 | −3% | −8.3% ▼ | 3 |
| SN14 | Wiltshire | 4,142 | +4% | −3.9% ▼ | 4 |
| SN15 | Wiltshire | 6,559 | +5% | −2.0% ▼ | 5 |
| SN16 | Wiltshire | 2,570 | −4% | −4.7% ▼ | 2 |
| SN2 | Swindon | 6,918 | +7% | +2.2% ▲ | 5 |
| SN25 | Swindon | 10,485 | −3% | +0.7% | 4 |
| SN26 | Swindon | 617 | +8% | +0.9% | 2 |
| SN3 | Swindon | 9,516 | +6% | −0.1% | 6 |
| SN4 | Wiltshire | 5,208 | −3% | −0.4% | 4 |
| SN5 | Swindon | 6,369 | +1% | −0.6% | 6 |
| SN6 | Swindon | 3,975 | +3% | −1.4% | 3 |
| SN8 | Wiltshire | 3,365 | +1% | +0.3% | 4 |
| SN9 | Wiltshire | 1,259 | −5% | +0.5% | 2 |
| SP1 | Wiltshire | 4,182 | +5% | +1.2% | 3 |
| SP2 | Wiltshire | 5,830 | +7% | +1.5% | 4 |
| SP3 | Wiltshire | 1,536 | −4% | +1.0% | 3 |
| SP4 | Wiltshire | 5,496 | +2% | +1.5% | 5 |
| SP5 | Wiltshire | 3,027 | −1% | −2.2% ▼ | 5 |
| SP7 | Dorset | 3,122 | −4% | −5.2% ▼ | 3 |
| SP8 | Dorset | 3,168 | −6% | −1.9% ▼ | 2 |
| SP9 | Wiltshire | 1,003 | +10% | −6.3% ▼ | 1 |
| TA1 | Somerset | 7,680 | +9% | +1.6% ▲ | 5 |
| TA10 | Somerset | 1,717 | +3% | 0.0% | 2 |
| TA11 | Somerset | 1,943 | +10% | +2.1% | 2 |
| TA12 | Somerset | 1,165 | +12% | +0.5% | 1 |
| TA13 | Somerset | 742 | +12% | +0.9% | 1 |
| TA14 | Somerset | 557 | +7% | −6.6% ▼ | 1 |
| TA16 | Somerset | 370 | +5% | +3.5% | 1 |
| TA18 | Somerset | 2,248 | +2% | −1.6% | 2 |
| TA19 | Somerset | 2,350 | +2% | −0.1% | 2 |
| TA2 | Somerset | 6,690 | +12% | +3.2% ▲ | 3 |
| TA20 | Somerset | 3,749 | +8% | +0.3% | 4 |
| TA21 | Somerset | 4,291 | +4% | −4.2% ▼ | 3 |
| TA23 | Somerset | 1,074 | +11% | +0.1% | 1 |
| TA24 | Somerset | 3,581 | +2% | −0.1% | 4 |
| TA3 | Somerset | 2,436 | 0% | +2.4% ▲ | 3 |
| TA4 | Somerset | 3,444 | +7% | −1.3% | 4 |
| TA5 | Somerset | 2,427 | 0% | −0.1% | 2 |
| TA6 | Somerset | 9,159 | +11% | +0.9% | 5 |
| TA7 | Somerset | 2,381 | +6% | +3.6% ▲ | 3 |
| TA8 | Somerset | 3,765 | +2% | −2.5% ▼ | 2 |
| TA9 | Somerset | 2,117 | +6% | −0.9% | 2 |
| TQ1 | Torbay | 6,690 | +13% | +3.0% ▲ | 4 |
| TQ10 | South Hams | 585 | −6% | −2.0% | 1 |
| TQ11 | Teignbridge | 642 | −8% | +1.6% | 1 |
| TQ12 | Teignbridge | 11,366 | +4% | −1.0% ▼ | 6 |
| TQ13 | Teignbridge | 4,475 | +3% | −1.9% | 4 |
| TQ14 | Teignbridge | 4,146 | +6% | +4.1% ▲ | 3 |
| TQ2 | Torbay | 5,798 | +8% | +0.1% | 4 |
| TQ3 | Torbay | 5,921 | +3% | +1.8% ▲ | 3 |
| TQ4 | Torbay | 4,566 | +3% | +2.0% ▲ | 3 |
| TQ5 | Torbay | 4,352 | 0% | +0.7% | 3 |
| TQ6 | South Hams | 1,902 | +9% | −2.5% | 2 |
| TQ7 | South Hams | 3,715 | +4% | −1.9% | 4 |
| TQ8 | South Hams | 687 | +13% | −3.6% | 1 |
| TQ9 | South Hams | 3,618 | +1% | +4.3% ▲ | 3 |
| TR1 | Cornwall | 4,544 | +6% | +2.0% | 3 |
| TR10 | Cornwall | 1,966 | +2% | +4.0% ▲ | 2 |
| TR11 | Cornwall | 5,984 | +7% | +2.7% ▲ | 4 |
| TR12 | Cornwall | 1,360 | −2% | −0.7% | 2 |
| TR13 | Cornwall | 3,386 | −2% | −7.1% ▼ | 3 |
| TR14 | Cornwall | 4,493 | +3% | −1.0% | 4 |
| TR15 | Cornwall | 3,865 | +4% | +3.0% ▲ | 3 |
| TR16 | Cornwall | 2,457 | −1% | −2.2% | 3 |
| TR18 | Cornwall | 3,310 | +14% | +3.2% ▲ | 4 |
| TR19 | Cornwall | 1,486 | −8% | +0.4% | 2 |
| TR2 | Cornwall | 1,853 | −8% | −9.9% ▼ | 2 |
| TR20 | Cornwall | 1,406 | +4% | −3.0% | 2 |
| TR26 | Cornwall | 2,482 | +3% | +2.6% | 3 |
| TR27 | Cornwall | 2,694 | 0% | −0.6% | 3 |
| TR3 | Cornwall | 2,337 | −3% | −1.0% | 2 |
| TR4 | Cornwall | 2,072 | −3% | +4.2% ▲ | 2 |
| TR5 | Cornwall | 767 | −11% | +7.2% | 1 |
| TR6 | Cornwall | 799 | +1% | −4.6% | 1 |
| TR7 | Cornwall | 4,921 | +4% | +1.4% | 3 |
| TR8 | Cornwall | 2,729 | +5% | +14.3% ▲ | 2 |
| TR9 | Cornwall | 1,263 | +5% | +0.2% | 1 |
▲ green: premium distinguishable from zero; ▼ red: discount; plain: no measurable difference. Small areas have fewer sales, so their 95% ranges are wider.
Postcode sectors without a district page
PL29 3 · PL35 0 · TA15 6 · TA17 8 · TA22 9 · TR17 0
How this is calculated
- Every standard sale (HM Land Registry Price Paid, category A) since January 2015 is matched to the latest energy certificate of the same address (postcode + house number or name + flat) lodged from 10 years before to 3 months after the sale; sales with no certificate or an ambiguous match are left out. Across England and Wales 92% of sales match.
- Price per m² uses the certificate's total floor area (15–1,000 m²).
- Like-for-like premium: regression of the log of price on “C or better”, log floor area, property type, the certificate's build period and the year of sale. The 95% range shows how precise the estimate is; when it includes zero, the data cannot tell the premium apart from none.
Caveats
- The band is the one on the certificate before the sale; certificates are a median 0.8 years old at the sale, but a quarter are over 4 years old and some homes were improved since.
- Condition, garden, parking, views and the exact position within the sector are not known; a premium could hide in them, or they could hide one.
- Individual sales and addresses are not shown.